The Harm of Silane

 Silane is a colorless gas that reacts with air and can cause suffocation. The gas usually burns in contact with air and emits dense white amorphous silica fumes. Its primary hazard to health is that its spontaneous flame can cause severe thermal burns, which can even be fatal if severe. If flame or high temperature acts on a certain part of the silane cylinder, the cylinder will explode before the safety valve is activated. If the pressure is too high or the speed is too fast when the silane is discharged, it will cause a hysteresis explosion. If the leaked silane does not ignite spontaneously, it will be very dangerous. Keep it away. Personnel dealing with emergency situations must have personal protective equipment and fire protection adapted to the situation. Do not try to extinguish the fire before cutting off the gas supply.

 

Silane gas

Silane gas is an indispensable material in the production process of solar cells because it is the most effective way to attach silicon molecules to the surface of the battery. In an environment above 400°C, silane gas decomposes into gaseous silicon and hydrogen. After the hydrogen is burned, pure silicon is left. In addition, silane gas can be said to be everywhere. In addition to the photovoltaic industry, there are many manufacturing plants that require silane gas, such as flat panel displays, semiconductors, and even coated glass manufacturing plants.

 

Diphenylsilane

Hazard identification

The most important hazards and effects:

Eye contact: Diphenylsilane can irritate the eyes. The decomposition of silane produces amorphous silica. Eye contact with amorphous silica particles can cause irritation.

Inhalation:

1. Inhalation of high concentrations of silane can cause headache, nausea, dizziness and irritate the upper respiratory tract.

2. Silane can irritate the respiratory system and mucous membranes. Excessive inhalation of silane can cause pneumonia and kidney disease due to the presence of crystalline silica.

Eye contact: Rinse immediately with water for at least 15 minutes, not too fast, and open eyelids at the same time. Make the victims "0" shaped eyes, and immediately seek ophthalmological treatment.

3. Exposure to high concentrations of gas can also cause thermal burns due to spontaneous combustion. Ingestion: Ingestion is unlikely to be a way of exposure to silane.

Skin contact: Silane can irritate the skin. The decomposition of silane produces amorphous silica. Skin contact with amorphous silica particles can cause irritation.

What Are Aromatic Derivatives?

 Aromatic derivatives, usually refers to hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring structure in the molecule. It is a kind of closed chain and has the basic structure of benzene ring.

Most of these compounds found in the early history have aromatic taste, so these hydrocarbons are called aromatic hydrocarbons, and the later discovered hydrocarbons that do not have aromatic taste also use this name.

Structure and expression of benzene

(1) The structure of benzene

Modern physical methods prove that the six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms of a benzene molecule are in the same plane, so it is a plane molecule. The six carbon atoms form a regular hexagon. The carbon bond length is equal, about 140 pm, between single and double bonds. The carbon-hydrogen bond length is 108pm, and all bond angles are 120°.

(2) The aromaticity of benzene

From the structural point of view, benzene has a planar cyclic structure, the bond length is completely equalized, and the hydrocarbon ratio is 1. In terms of properties, benzene has special stability: the heat of hydrogenation of cyclohexene ΔH=-120kJ/mol, the heat of hydrogenation of 1,3-cyclohexadiene ΔH=-232kJ/mol (due to the increase of its conjugated double bond To improve its stability). The heat of hydrogenation of benzene ΔH=-208kJ/mol. When 1,3-cyclohexadiene loses two hydrogens and becomes benzene, it not only does not absorb heat, but emits a small amount of heat. This shows that benzene is much more stable than the corresponding cyclohexatrienes. When 1,3-cyclohexadiene becomes benzene, the molecular structure has undergone a fundamental change, which has led to the formation of a stable system.

Benzene is difficult to oxidize and add, and is prone to electrophilic substitution reaction, which is obviously different from ordinary olefins.

Benzene also has special spectral characteristics. The hydrogen on the benzene ring is in the low field of nuclear magnetic resonance.

The above characteristics show that benzene has typical aromatic characteristics.

Aromatic Derivatives

(3) Benzene expression

How to express the structure of benzene? Since the British physicist and chemist Farady M (Faraday) first separated benzene from illuminating gas in 1825, people have been exploring the expression of benzene structure. Scientists have put forward various hypotheses about the structural formula of benzene; the more representative structural formulas of benzene are:

The structure of benzene and its expression have been discussed for more than 140 years. Although various opinions have been put forward, satisfactory results have not yet been obtained and further discussion is needed.

Structure of biphenyl

The simplest biphenyl is biphenyl. In biphenyl, each benzene ring maintains the structural properties of benzene. The single bond connecting the two benzene rings can rotate freely, but when the four ortho-position hydrogen atoms of the biphenyl are replaced by relatively large groups, the rotation of the single bond will be hindered, and a pair of Photoactive isomers.

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 Product Features

The aqueous solution is weakly acidic, and boric acid is a stable crystal, which usually does not undergo chemical reactions when stored. When the temperature and humidity change drastically, it will recrystallize and agglomerate.

Product Usage

Boronic acid is one of the basic raw materials for the production of other borides. The boron compounds produced by it are widely used in national defense and other industrial departments and scientific research units.

Used in glass, enamel, ceramics, metallurgy, electroplating, leather, dyes, paints, printing and dyeing, pesticides, fertilizers, textiles, electronic components and other industries. Used as analytical chemical reagents, buffers, wood preservatives, dye stabilizers, fabric fire retardants, insecticides, pH regulators, disinfectants, leather finishing agents, printing and dyeing auxiliaries, and agricultural production of fertilizers containing boron trace elements , It has fertilizer effect on many crops, can improve crop quality and increase yield.

Glass and fiberglass

It is used to produce high-grade glass and glass fiber such as optical glass, acid-resistant glass, organic boron glass, etc. It can improve the heat resistance and transparency of the glass, increase the mechanical strength, and shorten the melting time.

Enamel and ceramics

Boric acid is one of the components of glazes and pigments in the enamel and ceramic industries. It can reduce the thermal expansion of the glaze, lower the curing temperature of the glaze, thereby prevent cracking and deglazing, and improve the gloss and fastness of the product.

Flame retardant

The borate added to the celluloid material can change its oxidation reaction and promote the formation of "carbonization". Therefore, it is flame retardant. Boric acid used alone or together with borax has a special effect on reducing the flammability of celluloid insulation materials, woodware, and cotton tires in mattresses.

metallurgy

Used as an additive and cosolvent in the production of boron steel, so that boron steel has high hardness and good rolling ductility. Boric acid can prevent surface oxidation of metal welding, brazing and sleeve welding. It is also the raw material of ferro-boron alloy.

 

Boronic Acid

Anti-rust

Boric acid can be used as rust inhibitor, lubricant and thermal oxidation stabilizer. It is added to lubricants, brake fluids, metalworking fluids, water treatment agents and fuel additives.

Binder

Boric acid is one of the ingredients in the manufacture of corrugated paper adhesives, and also the peptizer for the manufacture of cool protein and dextrin adhesives. Boric acid greatly improves the wet glue strength by cross-linking the hydroxyl group.

chemical industry

Used in the production of various borates, such as sodium borohydride, ammonium hydrogen borate, cadmium borohydride, potassium borohydride, etc.

In the production process of nylon intermediates, phenylboronic acid cas no catalyzes the oxidation of hydrocarbons and generates esters to increase ethanol production, thereby preventing further oxidation of hydroxyl groups to generate ketones or hydroxy acids.

Storage and transportation characteristics

Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated warehouse. Do not store in the open, and avoid rain or moisture.

During transportation, ensure that the package is completely sealed to avoid rain or moisture.

Do You Know the Typical Applications of Silane?

 A) Coupling agent:

Organofunctional alkoxysilanes are used to couple organic polymers and inorganic materials. The typical feature of this application is enhancement. Such as: glass fiber and mineral filler mixed with plastic and rubber. They are used with thermosetting and thermoplastic systems. Mineral fillers, such as white carbon black, talc mother, wollastonite, clay and other materials are added directly in the mixing process or pre-treated with silane or in the compounding process.

By using organofunctional silanes on hydrophilic, non-organic reactive fillers, the mineral surface becomes reactive and lipophilic. The applications of fiberglass include car bodies, ships, showers, printed circuit boards, satellite TV antennas, plastic pipes and containers, and others.

Mineral filling systems include reinforced polypropylene, white carbon black filled molding compounds, silicon carbide grinding wheels, pellet-filled polymer concrete, sand-filled casting resin and clay-filled EPDM wires and cables, as well as for automobile tires, shoe soles, and machinery Materials and other applications of clay and white carbon black filled rubber.

B) Adhesion promoter

When used to bond paint, ink, coating, adhesive and sealant adherends and primers, silane coupling agents are effective adhesion promoters. When used as an overall additive, silane must migrate to the interface between the adhesive and the processed material to be effective. When used as a primer, the silane coupling agent must be used for inorganic materials before the product is bonded. .

In this case: Silane is in the best position as an adhesion enhancer (in the interface area). Through the correct use of silane coupling agent, even in harsh environmental conditions, it is difficult to adhere to oil, ink, Coatings, adhesives or sealants can maintain adhesion for a long time.

C) Sulfur water, dispersant

Siloxanes with hydrophobic organic groups attached to silicon atoms can impart the same hydrophobic characteristics as hydrophilic inorganic surfaces. They are used as permanent hydrophobic agents in construction, bridge and deck applications. They are also used in hydrophobic inorganic powders to make them flow freely and easily dispersed in organic polymers and liquids.

D) Crosslinking agent

Silane chemistry can react with organic polymers to bind tri-alkoxy alkyl groups to the polymer backbone. The silane can then react with water vapor to crosslink the silane to form a stable three-dimensional siloxane structure . This mechanism can be used to cross-link plastics, especially polyethylene and other organic resins, such as acrylic resins and urethane rubbers, to give paints, coatings and adhesives durability, water resistance, and high temperature resistance.

PSI-520 silane coupling agent is used for the organic dispersion treatment of MH/AH, kaolin, talc and other fillers. It is also suitable for MH/AH organic treatment and applied to halogen-free cable materials. For the treatment of inorganic powder materials, its hydrophobicity is above 98%, and the water contact angle on the surface of the organic inorganic powder is ≥110º, which can efficiently disperse the inorganic powder in organic polymers such as resin, plastic and rubber. : Improve the dispersion performance of the filler; increase the limiting oxygen index (LOI); increase the hydrophobicity of the filler, and also improve the electrical properties (dielectric constant tan, body electrical ρD), after encountering water; increase the amount of filler added, and at the same time It has higher tensile strength and elongation at break; improved heat resistance and high temperature creep; improved chemical resistance; higher impact resistance; improved process stability and productivity of extrusion and mixing.

Applications of Silane

 Silane refers to the silicon-substituted analog of carbon alkanes. What constitutes silane hydrocarbons is a main chain formed by linking silicon atoms and hydrogen atoms linked to the main chain by covalent bonds. The general formula of silane hydrocarbon is SinH2n+2.

In 1857, the German chemist H Buff discovered silane. In the next 100 years or so, silane was only the object of a few researchers in the laboratory and had no purpose. With the rise of semiconductor technology in the 1950s, people began to consider the advantages of silane, and silane began to be used in the electronics industry. In the 1980s, the application of silane has undergone major changes. With the emergence of a series of new technologies or the success of using silane to develop new products, the amount of silane has increased dramatically. Thousands of tons of silane are processed into ultra-pure semiconductor silicon in factories every year, and hundreds of tons of gas are used to manufacture a variety of new materials and new devices. Considering that in these applications, most devices consume only milligrams or even micrograms of gas, and the thickness of the film made of silane is on the order of microns. It can be seen that the amount of silane is not a small number. In the 1990s, a larger number of new functional devices came out, including ultra-high-speed, ultra-large-capacity computer chips, high-resolution flat-panel displays, high-efficiency and low-cost solar cells, high-performance ceramic engine parts, and various special functions that have been developed on a large scale. More newer devices are still emerging, and these devices all use silane.

The reason why silane is widely used in high technology and becoming more and more important is firstly related to its characteristics, but also related to the special needs of modern high technology. Through thermal decomposition or chemical reaction with other gases, a series of silicon-containing substances such as monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, metal silicide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and silicon oxide can be prepared from silane. The use of silane can achieve the highest purity, the finest (up to atomic size) control and the most flexible chemical reactions. Therefore, various silicon-containing materials can be made into complex and fine structures according to various needs, which is the basic condition required by modern materials and devices with various special functions.

Silane Chemistry

Silane was first put into practical use and used most widely as an intermediate product for the production of high-purity silicon, generally called the silane method. The main method for producing high-purity silicon has been the trichlorosilane method (Siemens method).

Another application of silane is amorphous semiconductor amorphous silicon. Compared with single crystal semiconductor materials, amorphous silicon is characterized by being easy to form very thin (about 10nm thick) large area devices. The substrate can be glass, stainless steel, or even plastic, and the surface can be flat or curved, so it can be made Various devices with excellent performance.

Silane has become the most important special gas used in semiconductor microelectronics processes and is used in the preparation of various microelectronic films, including single crystal films, microcrystalline, polycrystalline, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and metal silicides. The microelectronic applications of silane are still developing in depth: low-temperature epitaxy, selective epitaxy, heteroepitaxial growth. Not only for silicon devices and silicon integrated circuits, but also for compound semiconductor devices (gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, etc.). It also has applications in the preparation of superlattice quantum well materials. It can be said that silane is used in almost all advanced integrated circuit production lines in modern times. The purity of silane has a great influence on device performance and yield, and more advanced devices require higher purity silane (including disilane and trisilane).

The application of silane chemistry as silicon-containing films and coatings has expanded from the traditional microelectronics industry to various fields such as steel, machinery, chemicals, and optics. The silicon-containing coating can increase the high-temperature oxidation resistance of ordinary steel to more than 100,000 times, and can also greatly improve the high-temperature chemical stability of other metals, so that the corrosion resistance of internal combustion engine blades is significantly enhanced, and various materials and parts The bonding strength between the two is greatly improved, which extends the life of automobile engine parts, and can also change the reflection and transmission properties of the glass, thereby obtaining significant energy saving and decorative effects. In the float glass production process, silane is used to coat a reflective layer on the glass surface. Its adhesion is extremely strong and will not fade under long-term sunlight. The light transmittance is only 1 /3 of ordinary glass; it is coated with silicon nitride The large area polycrystalline silicon cell (BSNSC) has reached a high efficiency of 15.7%. The use of silane vapor deposition technology to manufacture various silicon-containing films in high-tech applications is still increasing.

Another potential application of silane is the manufacture of high-performance ceramic engine parts, especially the use of silane to make silicide (Si3N4, SiC, etc.) micropowder technology has attracted more and more attention. The United States, Japan and other countries are spending hundreds of millions of dollars to develop high-temperature resistant, high-strength, and high-chemically stable ceramics from silicon, silicon nitride and silicon carbide micropowders. The micropowder prepared by the silane gas phase reaction method has the highest purity, fine and uniform particle size, which can greatly improve the performance of ceramic parts. It has a wide range of applications, such as automotive engine valves and turbocharger rotors have been practical, high-speed bearings and high-performance tools have been commercialized, used in internal combustion engines can make the operating temperature up to 1400 ℃, greatly improve the efficiency of the heat engine, and it is more suitable This kind of fuel can extend the service life; in addition, it can also be used as the insulation tile and stealth protection layer of the rocket.

1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-divinyldisilazane (DVTMDS) CAS 7691-02-3

Tetramethyl divinyl disilazane is a colorless transparent liquid, non-toxic, soluble in most organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, toluene, and cyclohexane. CAS number: 7691-02-3, tetramethyldivinyldisilazane content (%): ≥96.0, tetramethyldivinylsiloxane content (%): ≤4.0, refractive index (n020): 1.437—1.439, molecular weight: 185.42, color: ≤50, boiling point: 160°C—161°C, flash point: 34°C, density (25°C) g/cm3: 0.819. It is an active silane coupling agent, mainly used for surface treatment of fumed silica in liquid silicone rubber products.

1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-divinyldisilazane 

Silane coupling agent is a kind of organosilicon compound containing two groups of different chemical properties in the molecule. Its classic product can be represented by the general formula YSiX3. In the formula, Y is a non-hydrolyzable group, and X is a hydrolyzable group. Due to this special structure, the silane coupling agent will act at the interface of inorganic materials (such as glass, metal or mineral) and organic materials (such as organic polymers, coatings or adhesives), combining or coupling the two completely different material. It has the function of enhancing the affinity between organics and inorganic compounds, and can strengthen and improve the physical and chemical properties of composite materials, such as strength, toughness, electrical properties, water resistance, and corrosion resistance.

Tetramethyl divinyl disilazane (vinyl silazane) specific use: used to treat fumed white carbon black (normal recommended addition amount 2% -5%), the treated white carbon black becomes hydrophilic Hydrophobic, better affinity with raw rubber; can be used as a synthetic intermediate for medical and other chemicals; can be used as a coating additive; can be used in the manufacture of silicone rubber, silicone resin colloid, vinyl silicone resin; can be used as a ceramic surface Treatment agent.

Application of Boric Acid

 Boronic acid, with the chemical formula H₃BO₃, is a white powdery crystal or a scaly lustrous crystal with a triclinic axis. It has a slippery touch and no smell. Dissolved in water, alcohol, glycerin, ethers and essential oils, the aqueous solution is weakly acidic. It is widely used in the glass (optical glass, acid-resistant glass, heat-resistant glass, glass fiber for insulating materials) industry to improve the heat resistance and transparency of glass products, increase mechanical strength, and shorten the melting time.

【Application】

Electronic components industry, high-purity analytical reagents, medicinal disinfection and anticorrosion, photosensitive material processing chemicals.

【Properties】

White powdery crystals or scaly lustrous crystals with three oblique axes. It has a slippery feel and no smell. It is soluble in water, alcohol, glycerin, ethers and essential oils. Odorless. The taste is slightly sour and bitter and sweet. It feels slippery in contact with skin. No change in the exposed air. Can volatilize with water vapor. When heated to 100～105℃, it loses a molecule of water to form metaboric acid. It is converted into pyroboric acid when heated for a long time at 104～160℃, and anhydrous is formed at higher temperature. It is irritating. Toxic, cause death when taken orally.

Boronic Acid

【Use】

If the laboratory is splashed by strong alkali, in addition to washing with plenty of water, it should also be coated with boric acid solution. To neutralize the residual strong base. This is the most basic and one of the most recent uses. (If there is no boric acid solution around and being splashed by a strong base, carbonic acid can be used in an emergency, but boric acid is preferred because boric acid is also an acid, which is weaker than the carbonic acid in cola.)

Prepare the buffer. boronic acid synthesis. Insecticide for cockroaches and black beetles in carpets. Used in medicine as a hemostatic agent and preservative.

Used as a pH regulator, disinfectant, antibacterial preservative, etc.; used to prepare borate, borate, optical glass, paint, pigment, boric acid soap, leather finishing agent, printing and dyeing auxiliary, and medical disinfection 剂 etc.

Used in capacitor manufacturing and electronic component industry, high-purity analytical reagents, medicinal disinfection and anti-corrosion, and preparation of exposed photosensitive materials processing chemicals.

Used in glass, enamel, ceramics, medicine, metallurgy, leather, dyes, pesticides, fertilizers, textiles and other industries; used as chromatographic analysis reagents, also used in the preparation of buffers; widely used in glass (optical glass, acid-resistant glass, Glass fiber for thermal glass and insulating materials) industry can improve the heat resistance and transparency of glass products, increase the mechanical strength, and shorten the melting time. In the enamel and ceramic industries, it is used to enhance the gloss and fastness of enamel products, and is also one of the components of glazes and pigments. Used as an additive and cosolvent in the metallurgical industry, especially boron steel has high hardness and good rolling ductility, and can replace nickel steel. Boric acid has antiseptic properties and can be used as a preservative, such as wood preservation. It is used in metal welding, leather, photography and other industries, as well as in the manufacture of dyes, heat-resistant and fire-resistant fabrics, artificial gems, capacitors, and cosmetics. It can also be used as insecticide and catalyst. Agricultural fertilizers containing boron trace elements are effective for many crops and can improve crop quality and yield.

Boric acid is also one of the basic raw materials for the production of other borides. The boron compounds produced by it are widely used in national defense and other industrial departments and scientific research units. Used as a PH regulator, antibacterial preservative.

【Storage and transportation matters】

It should be stored in a dry and clean warehouse, and should not be stacked in the open, and should be protected from rain or moisture. It should be transported in a boxcar, a cabin or a car with a shed. It should not be stacked with damp objects and colored materials. The means of transport must be dry and clean.